The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (OKR) is The World Bank’s official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products.
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Total publications: 38,877
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Publication Global Landscape of Fuel Subsidies and Price Controls(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-05-30) World BankOil price increases that began in late 2020 have led to a global proliferation of liquid fuel subsidies and price controls, as governments sought to reduce, redistribute, or delay the impact of rising and volatile energy prices on consumers. This report draws on two new global databases developed by the World Bank to examine petroleum product pricing regimes and consumer price subsidies implemented in 154 economies since 2021. It provides valuable findings and actionable insights to help policymakers in their ongoing efforts to reform fuel pricing mechanisms and phase out subsidies.Publication Inclusive Education(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-05-30) World BankThe World Bank commits to removing barriers to inclusive education so that the right to education may be upheld for all children and youth, including learners from poorer households and/or rural and remote communities, persons with disabilities, ethnic- and linguistic minorities, Indigenous Peoples, refugees, sexual orientation and gender minorities, and other marginalized and/or vulnerable groups.Publication Building Entrepreneurial Mind-Sets: Evidence from a Large-Scale Educational Intervention in India(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-05-30) Amaral, Sofia; Bhalothia, Aakash; Chaurey, Ritam; Gaddis, Isis; Khanna, Gaurav; Malik, Samreen; Mukhopadhyay, Abhiroop; Prakash, Nishith; Rakesh, RaghavThe Entrepreneurial Mindset Development Program (EMDP) led to increased agency among students over their education, careers, own goals, basic financial literacy, and risk preferences. Students who participated in the EMDP had higher English and Mathematics test scores and wanted to pursue salaried government jobs after their studies. A majority of the program effects were more highly concentrated among female students. There was also substantial heterogeneity among students according to local labor markets. Thus, in mandals with a higher concentration of manufacturing jobs, students demonstrated a greater inclination to aspire to start a business. To address some of these issues, the EMDP consortium, along with the State Council of Educational Research and Training - Andhra Pradesh, rolled out the EMDP curriculum for grade 9 students attending public schools in the 2022-23 academic year. The program involved weekly instructional classes totaling up to 50 hours, complemented by project-based learning focused on essential entrepreneurial skills and mindsets. The intention of the government was to improve the employability of the youth and educate students to learn to get along and get ahead in life - as described by implementing partners.Publication Transport Resilience Financing, Resources and Opportunities(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-05-30) Diaz Fanas, Guillermo; Xiong, Jing; Gall, HelenDeveloping countries increasingly understand the need to strengthen their infrastructure. However, individual projects struggle to secure funding as it is hard to measure the benefits of resilience. Adaptation efforts often come with extra costs, and limited financing options make these expenses a major challenge. A stark imbalance persists between mitigation and adaptation financing. In 2022, adaptation finance amounted to just one-eighteenth of mitigation finance. Climate mitigation, being a global priority, attracts more attention and funding, with donors from developed countries providing grants or purchasing carbon credits from developing countries to offset global emissions. This report presents information on 42 global financing facilities, 33 public funds, and 29 tax measures, offering valuable insights into financing transport resilience in developing countries. It aims to support the World Bank transport team and policymakers in developing countries by providing a clearer understanding of current resilience financing resources and challenges. It emphasizes the need for a combination of innovative approaches, strategic partnerships, and diverse funding sources to address this critical challenge effectively. It also proposes potential solutions to bridge the gap in transport resilience finance and implementation.Publication Sub-sectoral Roadmaps to Promote Private Sector Participation in Transport Resilience: Roads, Railways, and Urban Transport(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-05-30) Diaz Fanas, Guillermo; Xiong, Jing; Gall, HelenThe railway sector is essential to economic growth and connectivity, offering efficient and sustainable transport solutions. However, growing threats from climate change and natural disasters are placing increasing strain on railway infrastructure. To maintain long-term operational stability, resilience must be embedded into the planning, investment, and management of railway systems. This starts with high-level risk mapping to identify vulnerabilities, followed by assessments of infrastructure exposure and potential economic impacts. These insights guide the development of adaptation strategies and inform policy and investment decisions that prioritize durable, reliable systems.